Penerapan Contact Theory dalam Model dan Aktiviti SCL untuk Kursus Hubungan Etnik di Universiti Putra Malaysia

The Incorporation of Contact Theory in SCL Models and Activities for Ethnic Relations Course in Universiti Putra Malaysia

Authors

  • Arfah Ab. Majid pensyarah kanan, Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • Normala Othman Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • Sri Rahayu Ismail Universiti Putra Malaysia

Keywords:

Hubungan Etnik, Contact theory, Student Centered Learning

Abstract

Kursus Hubungan Etnik yang telah diperkenalkan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia merupakan salah satu kursus wajib universiti yang bermatlamat untuk menggalakkan kesepaduan sosial bukan sahaja dalam kalangan pelajar universiti namun dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia secara amnya.  Dalam usaha mencapai objektif ini, pelbagai kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran termasuklah Student Centered Learning (SCL) turut digunapakai oleh pensyarah-pensyarah kursus Hubungan Etnik.  Kaedah pembelajaran yang berpusatkan pelajar ini menggalakkan pelajar lebih banyak berinteraksi dan bekerjasama antara satu sama lain.  Dengan tercetusnya lebih banyak kontak sesama pelajar, hubungan antara pelajar yang berbeza latar belakang etnik dan agama dijangkakan akan menjadi lebih erat dan harmoni.  Menurut contact theory yang diperkenalkan oleh Gordon Allport (1954), kontak yang memenuhi syarat-syarat tertentu dapat mengurangkan prejudis dan mengeratkan hubungan antara etnik.  Kajian ini dijalankan dengan objektif untuk mengenalpasti model-model SCL yang dijalankan oleh pensyarah-pensyarah kursus Hubungan Etnik; menilai penerapan elemen-elemen kontak dalam model-model SCL ini dan menganalis tahap kuantiti dan kualiti kontak pelajar-pelajar yang terlibat dalam model-model SCL berkenaan.  Untuk mendapatkan data berkaitan, pendekatan mix-method telah digunakan untuk kajian ini. Rekabentuk kajian kes (kualitatif) melalui temubual semi struktur dan analisis dokumen telah dilaksanakan untuk mendapatkan maklumat berkenaan model-model SCL daripada pensyarah-pensyarah.  Selain itu, rekabentuk tinjauan (kuantitatif) turut digunakan bil amana borang soal selidik telah diedar kepada pelajar diakhir semester.  Hasil kajian mendapati tujuh model SCL yang cenderung digunakan oleh pensyarah ialah small group discussion, modular approach, team-based learning, case study, project-based learning, problem-based learning dan active & collaborative learning.  Contact theory juga telah dikenalpasti dalam semua model SCL yang dilaksanakan pensyarah.  Namun yang demikian, terdapat perbezaan pada tahap kuantiti dan kualiti kontak untuk semua kumpulan yang mana terdapat kumpulan yang mempunyai tahap kuantiti dan kualiti kontak yang lebih tinggi berbanding kumpulan yang lain.  Kajian akan datang harus memberi tumpuan kepada keberkesanan jenis-jenis model SCL yang telah diterapkan contact theory ini ke atas sikap dan tingkahlaku pelajar terutamanya sikap prejudis dan diskriminasi.  

ABSTRACT

Ethnic Relations course that has been introduced by the Ministry of Education Malaysia is one of the compulsory university courses which aims to promote social cohesion not only among university students but among Malaysian society in general.  In order to achieve this objective, various teaching and learning methods including Student Centered Learning (SCL) have been used by the Ethnic Relations course lecturers.  This student-centered learning method encourages students to have more interactions and collaborations with each other.  With the occurrence of more contacts among students, the relationship between students of different ethnic and religious backgrounds is expected to be closer and more harmonious.   According to contact theory introduced by Gordon Allport (1954), contacts that meet certain conditions can reduce prejudice and strengthen ethnic relations. This study was carried out with the objective of identifying SCL models conducted by the lecturers of Ethnic Relations course; assessing the incorporation of contact elements in these SCL models and analyzing the quantity and quality of contact of the students involved in the SCL models.  To obtain relevant data, a mixed-method approach was used for this study. A case study design (qualitative) through semi structured interviews and document analysis have been carried out to obtain information concerning SCL models applied by the lecturers.  In addition, a survey research design (quantitative) was also employed in which questionnaires were distributed to students at the end of the semester.  This study found there are seven SCL models tend to be used by lecturers.  The SCL models are, small group discussions, modular approach, team-based learning, case study, project-based learning, problem-based learning and active & collaborative learning.  Contact theory has also been identified in all SCL models implemented by lecturers. Nevertheless, there are differences in the quantity and quality of contact for all groups for which there are groups that have higher quantity and quality of contact compared to other groups.  Future research should focus on the effectiveness of different types of SCL models that have been incorporated with contact theory on students’ attitudes and actions especially prejudice and discrimination.

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Published

2018-12-24

How to Cite

Ab. Majid, A. ., Othman, N. ., & Ismail, S. R. . (2018). Penerapan Contact Theory dalam Model dan Aktiviti SCL untuk Kursus Hubungan Etnik di Universiti Putra Malaysia: The Incorporation of Contact Theory in SCL Models and Activities for Ethnic Relations Course in Universiti Putra Malaysia . The Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah Journal (JSASS), 5(2), 207-224. Retrieved from https://jsass.uis.edu.my/index.php/jsass/article/view/62